Matthew
Direct verbal dependence.
Matthew 22.13
1 Enoch 10.4
Then the king said to the servants, ‘Bind him, feet and hands; throw him out into the darkness outside’
And he said to Raphael, ‘Bind Azael, feet and hands, and throw him into the darkness’
τοτε ο βασιλευς ειπεν τοις διακονοις δησαντες αυτου ποδας και χειρας εκβαλετε αυτον εις το σκοτος το εξωτερον
και τω ραφαηλ ειπεν δησον τον αζαηλ ποσιν και χερσιν και βαλε αυτον εις το σκοτος
1 Enoch 62.5
1 Enoch 69.27
pain will seize them when they see the son of man sitting on the throne of his glory
he sat on the throne of his glory and the whole judgment was given to the son of man
1 Enoch 69.29
Matthew 19.28
the son of man has appeared and he has sat down on the throne of his glory
at the renewal of all things when the son of man is seated on the throne of his glory
Matthew 25.31
when the son of man comes in his glory and all the angels with him then he will sit on the throne of his glory
Judah
The whole letter is loaded with allusions to and paraphrases of 1 Enoch, along with one direct quotation. In all the New Testament, Judah is the most obviously directly dependent on 1 Enoch, because the author names the book as his source. Because 2 Peter is an expanded version of Judah, this means 2 Peter is dependent on 1 Enoch second-hand.
Judah 4
1 Enoch 48.10
For certain intruders have stolen in among you, people who long ago were designated for this condemnation as ungodly, who pervert the grace of our God into licentiousness and deny our only master and lord, Jesus the Messiah.
And on the day of their distress there will be rest on the earth, and before them they will fall and not rise, and there will be no one to take them with his hand and raise them. For they have denied the Lord of Spirits and his Messiah.
Judah 6
1 Enoch 12.4
And the angels who did not keep their domain, but abandoned their own dwelling, he keeps in eternal chains in deepest darkness for the judgment of the great day.
say to the watchers of heaven—who abandoned the highest heaven
αγγελους τε τους μη τηρησαντας την εαυτων αρχην αλλ απολιποντας το ιδιον οικητηριον εις κρισιν μεγαλης ημερας δεσμοις αιδιοις υπο ζοφον τετηρηκεν
ειπε τοις εγρηγοροις του ουρανου οιτινες απολιποντες του ουρανον τον υψηλον
Judah 6
1 Enoch 15.3
And the angels who did not keep their domain, but abandoned their own dwelling, he keeps in eternal chains in deepest darkness for the judgment of the great day.
Why have you abandoned the high heaven, the eternal sanctuary
αγγελους τε τους μη τηρησαντας την εαυτων αρχην αλλ απολιποντας το ιδιον οικητηριον εις κρισιν μεγαλης ημερας δεσμοις αιδιοις υπο ζοφον τετηρηκεν
δια τι απελιπετε τον ουρανον τον υψηλον τον αγιον του αιωνος
Judah 6
1 Enoch 15.7
And the angels who did not keep their domain, but abandoned their own dwelling, he keeps in eternal chains in deepest darkness for the judgment of the great day.
The spirits of heaven, in heaven is their dwelling
αγγελους τε τους μη τηρησαντας την εαυτων αρχην αλλ απολιποντας το ιδιον οικητηριον εις κρισιν μεγαλης ημερας δεσμοις αιδιοις υπο ζοφον τετηρηκεν
τα πνευματα του ουρανου εν τω ουρανω η κατοικησις αυτων
Judah 6
1 Enoch 18.14
And the angels who did not keep their domain, but abandoned their own dwelling, he keeps in eternal chains in deepest darkness for the judgment of the great day.
this has become a prison for the stars and the host of heaven
αγγελους τε τους μη τηρησαντας την εαυτων αρχην αλλ απολιποντας το ιδιον οικητηριον εις κρισιν μεγαλης ημερας δεσμοις αιδιοις υπο ζοφον τετηρηκεν
δεσμωτηριον τουτο εγενετο τοις αστεροις και ταις δυναμεσιν του ουρανου
Judah 6
1 Enoch 10.4–5
And the angels who did not keep their domain, but abandoned their own dwelling, he keeps in eternal chains in deepest darkness for the judgment of the great day.
bind Asael feet and hands and cast him into the darkness […] and let him dwell there forever
αγγελους τε τους μη τηρησαντας την εαυτων αρχην αλλ απολιποντας το ιδιον οικητηριον εις κρισιν μεγαλης ημερας δεσμοις αιδιοις υπο ζοφον τετηρηκεν
δησον τον αζαηλ ποσιν και χερσιν και βαλε αυτον εις το σκοτος […] και οικησατω εκει εις τους αιωνας
Judah 6
1 Enoch 10.4–5
And the angels who did not keep their domain, but abandoned their own dwelling, he keeps in eternal chains in deepest darkness for the judgment of the great day.
bind Asael feet and hands and cast him into the darkness […] and cover him in darkness
αγγελους τε τους μη τηρησαντας την εαυτων αρχην αλλ απολιποντας το ιδιον οικητηριον εις κρισιν μεγαλης ημερας δεσμοις αιδιοις υπο ζοφον τετηρηκεν
δησον τον αζαηλ ποσιν και χερσιν και βαλε αυτον εις το σκοτος […] και επικαλυψον αυτω το σκοτος
Judah 6
1 Enoch 17.2
And the angels who did not keep their domain, but abandoned their own dwelling, he keeps in eternal chains in deepest darkness for the judgment of the great day.
And they led me away to a dark place
αγγελους τε τους μη τηρησαντας την εαυτων αρχην αλλ απολιποντας το ιδιον οικητηριον εις κρισιν μεγαλης ημερας δεσμοις αιδιοις υπο ζοφον τετηρηκεν
και απηγαγον με εις ζοφωδη τοπον
Judah 6
1 Enoch 10.6
And the angels who did not keep their domain, but abandoned their own dwelling, he keeps in eternal chains in deepest darkness for the judgment of the great day.
the day of the great judgment
αγγελους τε τους μη τηρησαντας την εαυτων αρχην αλλ απολιποντας το ιδιον οικητηριον εις κρισιν μεγαλης ημερας δεσμοις αιδιοις υπο ζοφον τετηρηκεν
τη ημερα της μεγαλης της κρισεως
Judah 6
1 Enoch 10.12
And the angels who did not keep their domain, but abandoned their own dwelling, he keeps in eternal chains in deepest darkness for the judgment of the great day.
bind them […] until the day of their judgment
αγγελους τε τους μη τηρησαντας την εαυτων αρχην αλλ απολιποντας το ιδιον οικητηριον εις κρισιν μεγαλης ημερας δεσμοις αιδιοις υπο ζοφον τετηρηκεν
δησον αυτους […] μεχρι ημερας κρισεως αυτων
Judah 12–13
1 Enoch 80.2
They are waterless clouds carried along by the winds; autumn trees without fruit, twice dead, uprooted; wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame; wandering stars, for whom the deepest darkness has been reserved forever.
In the days of the sinners […] the rain will be withheld
Judah 12–13
1 Enoch 101.2
They are waterless clouds carried along by the winds; autumn trees without fruit, twice dead, uprooted; wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame; wandering stars, for whom the deepest darkness has been reserved forever.
If he closes the windows of heaven, and withholds the dew and the rain from descending because of you, what will do you?
Judah 12–13
1 Enoch 3.1
They are waterless clouds carried along by the winds; autumn trees without fruit, twice dead, uprooted; wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame; wandering stars, for whom the deepest darkness has been reserved forever.
observe how all the trees appear withered and all their leaves are stripped
Judah 12–13
1 Enoch 80.3
They are waterless clouds carried along by the winds; autumn trees without fruit, twice dead, uprooted; wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame; wandering stars, for whom the deepest darkness has been reserved forever.
In the days of the sinners […] the fruit of the trees will be withheld at its normal time
Judah 12–13
1 Enoch 101.4–5
They are waterless clouds carried along by the winds; autumn trees without fruit, twice dead, uprooted; wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame; wandering stars, for whom the deepest darkness has been reserved forever.
Look at the captains who sail the sea! Their ships are shaken by wave and storm. […] the sea will swallow them up, and they will perish in it.
Judah 12–13
1 Enoch 18.14
They are waterless clouds carried along by the winds; autumn trees without fruit, twice dead, uprooted; wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame; wandering stars, for whom the deepest darkness has been reserved forever.
this has become a prison for the stars
Judah 12–13
1 Enoch 21.6
They are waterless clouds carried along by the winds; autumn trees without fruit, twice dead, uprooted; wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame; wandering stars, for whom the deepest darkness has been reserved forever.
These are the stars of heaven that transgressed the command
Judah 12–13
1 Enoch 80.6
They are waterless clouds carried along by the winds; autumn trees without fruit, twice dead, uprooted; wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame; wandering stars, for whom the deepest darkness has been reserved forever.
In the days of the sinners […] many heads of the stars will stray from the command
Judah 12–13
1 Enoch 88.1
They are waterless clouds carried along by the winds; autumn trees without fruit, twice dead, uprooted; wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame; wandering stars, for whom the deepest darkness has been reserved forever.
he seized that first star that had fallen from heaven […] and threw it into the abyss […] deep and desolate and dark
Judah 12–13
1 Enoch 88.3
They are waterless clouds carried along by the winds; autumn trees without fruit, twice dead, uprooted; wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame; wandering stars, for whom the deepest darkness has been reserved forever.
he took all the great stars […] and threw them into an abyss
Judah 12–13
1 Enoch 63.6
They are waterless clouds carried along by the winds; autumn trees without fruit, twice dead, uprooted; wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame; wandering stars, for whom the deepest darkness has been reserved forever.
And they will say […] ‘darkness is our dwelling forever and ever’
Judah 14
1 Enoch 60.8
It was also about these that Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied, saying
my great-grandfather, the seventh from Adam, was taken up
Judah 14–15
1 Enoch 1.9
See, the Lord is coming amid his holy myriads, to execute judgement on all, and to convict all souls for all their wicked works that they did wickedly, and for all the hard things that wicked sinners spoke against him.
Look, he comes with his myriads and his holy ones, to execute judgment on all, and to destroy all the wicked, and to convict all flesh for all their wicked works that they did wickedly, and hard things that wicked sinners spoke against him.
ιδου ηλθεν κυριος εν αγιαις μυριασιν αυτου ποιησαι κρισιν κατα παντων και ελεγξαι πασαν ψυχην περι παντων των εργων ασεβειας αυτων ων ησεβησαν και περι παντων των σκληρων ων ελαλησαν κατ αυτου αμαρτωλοι ασεβεις
οτι ερχεται συν ταις μυριασιν αυτου και τοις αγιοις αυτου ποιησει κρισιν κατα παντων και απολεσαι παντας τους ασεβεις και ελεγξαι πασαν σαρκα περι παντων εργων της ασεβειας αυτων ων ησεβησαν και σκληρων ων ελαλησαν λογων κατ αυτου αμαρτωλοι ασεβεις
Judah 16
1 Enoch 5.4
These are grumblers and malcontents; they indulge their own lusts; and their mouth speaks great words, flattering people to their own advantage.
You have turned aside, you have spoken proud and hard words with your unclean mouth
Judah 16
1 Enoch 27.2
These are grumblers and malcontents; they indulge their own lusts; and their mouth speaks great words, flattering people to their own advantage.
who utter with their mouth an improper word […] and speak hard things
Revelation of John
A few paraphrases or allusions.
Revelation of John 6.9–10
1 Enoch 9.10
And when he opened the fifth seal, I saw souls under the altar, those who were slaughtered for God’s word and the witness they held. And they were yelling in a loud voice, saying, ‘Holy and true Lord, why do you not judge and avenge our blood from those dwelling on the earth?’
And now look, the spirits of the souls of the men who have died make suit, and their groan has come up to the gates of heaven
Revelation of John 7.1
1 Enoch 76.1,4
After these things I saw four angels standing at the earth’s four corners, grasping the earth’s four winds so no wind would blow on the earth, nor on the sea, nor on any tree.
At the boundaries of the earth I saw twelve gates open for all the winds […] from those other eight [corner gates of the twelve], winds of punishment emerge; when they are sent they bring devastation to the entire earth and the water on it, all that live on it, and all that are in the water and on the land
Revelation of John 12.5
1 Enoch 62.7
And she gave birth to a son, a male, who is about to rule all the nations with an iron rod. And her child was taken to God and his throne.
For the son of man was concealed from the beginning, and the Most High One preserved him in the presence of his power
Revelation of John 14.20
1 Enoch 100.3
And the winepress was stomped outside the city, and blood flowed from the winepress as high as horses’ bridles for one thousand six hundred stadia.
A horse will wade up to its breast through the blood of the sinners, and the chariot will sink to its axles.
First Peter
This is a resconstructed allusion, based on a hypothetical typo.
1 Peter 3.19
Translation
ΕΝΩΚΑΙΤΟΙΣΕΝΦΥΛΑΚΗΠΝΕΥΜΑΣΙΝΠΟΡΕΥΘΕΙΣΕΚΗΡΥΞΕΝ
in which also he went and made a proclamation to the spirits in prison
There may be a scribal error here, in which the scribe misheard or misread the phrase ΕΝΩΚΑΙ instead of ΕΝΩΧΚΑΙ.
Emended Text
Translation
ΕΝΩΧΚΑΙΤΟΙΣΕΝΦΥΛΑΚΗΠΝΕΥΜΑΣΙΝΠΟΡΕΥΘΕΙΣΕΚΗΡΥΞΕΝ
And Enoch went and made a proclamation to the spirits in prison
Enoch does exactly this in 1 Enoch 12–16. The result is an ABBA thought process that uses the two most prominent (and correctly sequential) pre-Abrahamic patriarchs to set examples:
A. Judgment of angels: Enoch proclaimed to the fallen angels
B. Rescue through water: Noah’s family was saved through the flood
B. Rescue through water: Jesus’ followers are baptized
A. Judgment of angels: Jesus is enthroned with all angels subjected to him
First Peter 3 says their actions foreshadow Jesus’ salvation and authority.
Luke
Possible allusion.
Luke 3.23–37
1 Enoch 10.12
Jesus was about thirty years old when he began his work. He was the son […] of Enoch
bind them for seventy generations in the valleys of the earth, until the day of their judgment
The genealogy for Jesus given in Luke 3 is very different from that given in Matthew 1, with eleven more generations between Abraham and Jesus. Luke also follows the Septuagint version of Genesis 11, adding another generation between Noah and Abraham. The result is exactly seventy generations from Enoch to Jesus.